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In some languages \"a missing missing value\" collapses into plain \"missing\", and the difference is lost; here the two kinds of \"nothing\" stay different, and you can tell them apart.",[3759,3874,3876],{"id":3875},"building-one","Building one",[3731,3878,3879,3882,3883,3885,3886,3888,3889,3891,3892,3895,3896,3899,3900,3902,3903,3906,3907,3909],{},[3750,3880,3881],{},"player.score"," is an ",[3750,3884,3752],{},". Returned where an ",[3750,3887,3756],{}," is expected it becomes a present ",[3750,3890,3756],{}," on its own, even when the score inside is ",[3750,3893,3894],{},"none"," — the same rule that turned an ",[3750,3897,3898],{},"int"," into a present ",[3750,3901,3752],{}," in ",[3739,3904,3905],{"href":424},"Optional",". Only the ",[3750,3908,3894],{}," at the bottom means \"not found\":",[3764,3911,3913],{"className":3766,"code":3912,"language":3768,"meta":3769,"style":3769},"func ScoreOf(players: Player[..], number: int) -> int?? {\n    for player in players {\n        if player.number == number {\n            return player.score;\n        }\n    }\n    return none;\n}\n",[3750,3914,3915,3963,3979,4001,4014,4019,4025,4036],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3773,3916,3917,3920,3924,3927,3931,3933,3936,3939,3942,3945,3947,3949,3952,3955,3957,3960],{"class":3775,"line":3776},[3773,3918,3919],{"class":3779},"func",[3773,3921,3923],{"class":3922},"sptzg"," ScoreOf",[3773,3925,3926],{"class":3787},"(",[3773,3928,3930],{"class":3929},"sYR1E","players",[3773,3932,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,3934,3935],{"class":3783},"Player",[3773,3937,3938],{"class":3794},"[..]",[3773,3940,3941],{"class":3787},",",[3773,3943,3944],{"class":3929}," number",[3773,3946,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,3948,3898],{"class":3783},[3773,3950,3951],{"class":3787},")",[3773,3953,3954],{"class":3787}," ->",[3773,3956,3801],{"class":3779},[3773,3958,3959],{"class":3794},"?? ",[3773,3961,3962],{"class":3787},"{\n",[3773,3964,3965,3968,3971,3974,3977],{"class":3775,"line":3791},[3773,3966,3967],{"class":3779},"    for",[3773,3969,3970],{"class":3794}," player ",[3773,3972,3973],{"class":3779},"in",[3773,3975,3976],{"class":3794}," players ",[3773,3978,3962],{"class":3787},[3773,3980,3981,3984,3987,3990,3993,3996,3999],{"class":3775,"line":3807},[3773,3982,3983],{"class":3779},"        if",[3773,3985,3986],{"class":3794}," player",[3773,3988,3989],{"class":3817},".",[3773,3991,3992],{"class":3794},"number ",[3773,3994,3995],{"class":3817},"==",[3773,3997,3998],{"class":3794}," number ",[3773,4000,3962],{"class":3787},[3773,4002,4003,4006,4008,4010,4012],{"class":3775,"line":3823},[3773,4004,4005],{"class":3779},"            return",[3773,4007,3986],{"class":3794},[3773,4009,3989],{"class":3817},[3773,4011,3832],{"class":3794},[3773,4013,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4015,4016],{"class":3775,"line":3866},[3773,4017,4018],{"class":3787},"        }\n",[3773,4020,4022],{"class":3775,"line":4021},6,[3773,4023,4024],{"class":3787},"    }\n",[3773,4026,4028,4031,4034],{"class":3775,"line":4027},7,[3773,4029,4030],{"class":3779},"    return",[3773,4032,4033],{"class":3794}," none",[3773,4035,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4037,4039],{"class":3775,"line":4038},8,[3773,4040,3826],{"class":3787},[3759,4042,4044],{"id":4043},"opening-one-level-by-level","Opening one, level by level",[3731,4046,4047,4048,4050],{},"Each ",[3750,4049,3818],{}," in a pattern opens one level:",[3764,4052,4054],{"className":3766,"code":4053,"language":3768,"meta":3769,"style":3769},"match ScoreOf(players, number) {\n    score?? => PrintLine(\"#{} scored {}\", number, score),\n    none? => PrintLine(\"#{} has not played yet\", number),\n    none => PrintLine(\"#{} is not on the team\", number)\n}\n",[3750,4055,4056,4074,4105,4127,4149],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3773,4057,4058,4060,4062,4064,4066,4068,4070,4072],{"class":3775,"line":3776},[3773,4059,1526],{"class":3779},[3773,4061,3923],{"class":3794},[3773,4063,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4065,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,4067,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4069,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4071,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4073,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4075,4076,4078,4081,4084,4087,4089,4093,4095,4097,4099,4102],{"class":3775,"line":3791},[3773,4077,3810],{"class":3794},[3773,4079,4080],{"class":3817},"??",[3773,4082,4083],{"class":3817}," =>",[3773,4085,4086],{"class":3794}," PrintLine",[3773,4088,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4090,4092],{"class":4091},"sXpww","\"#{} scored {}\"",[3773,4094,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4096,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4098,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4100,4101],{"class":3794}," score",[3773,4103,4104],{"class":3787},"),\n",[3773,4106,4107,4110,4112,4114,4116,4118,4121,4123,4125],{"class":3775,"line":3807},[3773,4108,4109],{"class":3794},"    none",[3773,4111,3818],{"class":3817},[3773,4113,4083],{"class":3817},[3773,4115,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4117,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4119,4120],{"class":4091},"\"#{} has not played yet\"",[3773,4122,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4124,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4126,4104],{"class":3787},[3773,4128,4129,4132,4135,4137,4139,4142,4144,4146],{"class":3775,"line":3823},[3773,4130,4131],{"class":3794},"    none ",[3773,4133,4134],{"class":3817},"=>",[3773,4136,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4138,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4140,4141],{"class":4091},"\"#{} is not on the team\"",[3773,4143,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4145,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4147,4148],{"class":3787},")\n",[3773,4150,4151],{"class":3775,"line":3866},[3773,4152,3826],{"class":3787},[4154,4155,4156,4172],"table",{},[4157,4158,4159],"thead",{},[4160,4161,4162,4166,4169],"tr",{},[4163,4164,4165],"th",{},"Short",[4163,4167,4168],{},"Long",[4163,4170,4171],{},"Meaning",[4173,4174,4175,4191,4209],"tbody",{},[4160,4176,4177,4183,4188],{},[4178,4179,4180],"td",{},[3750,4181,4182],{},"score??",[4178,4184,4185],{},[3750,4186,4187],{},".Some(.Some(score))",[4178,4189,4190],{},"a present, present score",[4160,4192,4193,4198,4203],{},[4178,4194,4195],{},[3750,4196,4197],{},"none?",[4178,4199,4200],{},[3750,4201,4202],{},".Some(none)",[4178,4204,4205,4206,4208],{},"a present ",[3750,4207,3894],{},": found, but no score yet",[4160,4210,4211,4215,4219],{},[4178,4212,4213],{},[3750,4214,3894],{},[4178,4216,4217],{},[3750,4218,3894],{},[4178,4220,4221],{},"the outer absence: not on the team",[3731,4223,4224,4225,4228],{},"The long spelling, used in ",[3750,4226,4227],{},"ReportLong",", shows the nesting plainly; the short one is the usual one.",[3759,4230,4232],{"id":4231},"opens-one-level-too","?? opens one level too",[3731,4234,4235,4237,4238,4240,4241,3798],{},[3750,4236,4080],{}," removes exactly one level, so on an ",[3750,4239,3756],{}," its result is still an ",[3750,4242,3752],{},[3764,4244,4246],{"className":3766,"code":4245,"language":3768,"meta":3769,"style":3769},"let once = ScoreOf(players, 9) ?? 0;\nlet twice = once ?? 0;\n",[3750,4247,4248,4281],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3773,4249,4250,4253,4256,4259,4261,4263,4265,4267,4271,4273,4276,4279],{"class":3775,"line":3776},[3773,4251,4252],{"class":3779},"let",[3773,4254,4255],{"class":3794}," once ",[3773,4257,4258],{"class":3817},"=",[3773,4260,3923],{"class":3794},[3773,4262,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4264,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,4266,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4268,4270],{"class":4269},"snhBn"," 9",[3773,4272,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4274,4275],{"class":3817}," ??",[3773,4277,4278],{"class":4269}," 0",[3773,4280,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4282,4283,4285,4288,4290,4292,4294,4296],{"class":3775,"line":3791},[3773,4284,4252],{"class":3779},[3773,4286,4287],{"class":3794}," twice ",[3773,4289,4258],{"class":3817},[3773,4291,4255],{"class":3794},[3773,4293,4080],{"class":3817},[3773,4295,4278],{"class":4269},[3773,4297,3804],{"class":3787},[3731,4299,4300,4301,4304,4305,4307,4308,4310,4311,4314,4315,3742,4317,3989],{},"For #9 the outer level is present, so the fallback is not used, and ",[3750,4302,4303],{},"once"," is the inner ",[3750,4306,3894],{},". A second ",[3750,4309,4080],{}," deals with that one, and ",[3750,4312,4313],{},"twice"," is a plain ",[3750,4316,3898],{},[3750,4318,4319],{},"0",[3731,4321,4322,4323,4326,4327,4329,4330,4332,4333,4335,4336,3882,4338,4340,4341,4343],{},"That first ",[3750,4324,4325],{},"?? 0"," looks as if it gives an ",[3750,4328,3898],{},", and it does compile — but only because the ",[3750,4331,4319],{}," is made into a present ",[3750,4334,3752],{}," to match the inner level. ",[3750,4337,4303],{},[3750,4339,3752],{},", which is why the program compares it with ",[3750,4342,3894],{}," instead of printing it.",[3759,4345,4347],{"id":4346},"the-program","The program",[3731,4349,4350,4351,4357],{},"The whole lesson is one package in the ",[3739,4352,4356],{"href":4353,"rel":4354},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Frux-lang\u002FExamples\u002Ftree\u002Fmain\u002FOptionals\u002FNestedOptional",[4355],"nofollow","Examples repository",". Its comments explain every step.",[3764,4359,4362],{"className":3766,"code":4360,"filename":4361,"language":3768,"meta":3769,"style":3769},"\u002F\u002F A player who has not played yet has no score, so the team sheet stores each\n\u002F\u002F score as an `int?`. Now look a player up by number. The answer can be\n\u002F\u002F missing for two different reasons:\n\u002F\u002F\n\u002F\u002F     none                   nobody wears that number\n\u002F\u002F     .Some(none)            the player exists, but has no score yet\n\u002F\u002F     .Some(.Some(score))    the player exists and has scored\n\u002F\u002F\n\u002F\u002F The type that holds all three is `int??`, an optional of an optional. Rux\n\u002F\u002F never squashes the two levels into one, so the two kinds of \"nothing\" stay\n\u002F\u002F different and you can tell them apart.\nimport Io::PrintLine;\n\nstruct Player {\n    number: int;\n    score: int?;\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F `player.score` is an `int?`. Returned from here it becomes a present `int??`\n\u002F\u002F on its own, even when the score inside is `none`. Only the `none` at the\n\u002F\u002F bottom means \"not found\".\nfunc ScoreOf(players: Player[..], number: int) -> int?? {\n    for player in players {\n        if player.number == number {\n            return player.score;\n        }\n    }\n    return none;\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F Each `?` in a pattern opens one level. `score??` is \"a present, present\n\u002F\u002F score\". `none?` is \"a present `none`\": the player was found but has no\n\u002F\u002F score. Plain `none` is the outer absence.\nfunc Report(players: Player[..], number: int) {\n    match ScoreOf(players, number) {\n        score?? => PrintLine(\"#{} scored {}\", number, score),\n        none? => PrintLine(\"#{} has not played yet\", number),\n        none => PrintLine(\"#{} is not on the team\", number)\n    }\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F The same three cases in the long spelling.\nfunc ReportLong(players: Player[..], number: int) {\n    match ScoreOf(players, number) {\n        .Some(.Some(score)) => PrintLine(\"#{} scored {}\", number, score),\n        .Some(none) => PrintLine(\"#{} has not played yet\", number),\n        none => PrintLine(\"#{} is not on the team\", number)\n    }\n}\n\nfunc Main() -> int {\n    let players = [\n        Player { number: 7, score: 12 },\n        Player { number: 9, score: none }\n    ];\n\n    Report(players, 7);\n    Report(players, 9);\n    Report(players, 3);\n    ReportLong(players, 9);\n\n    \u002F\u002F `??` opens just one level too. For #9 the outer level is present, so\n    \u002F\u002F the fallback is not used and `once` is the inner `none`, still an\n    \u002F\u002F `int?`. A second `??` deals with that one.\n    let once = ScoreOf(players, 9) ?? 0;\n    let twice = once ?? 0;\n    PrintLine(\"#9 opened once is still none: {}\", once == none);\n    PrintLine(\"#9 opened twice: {}\", twice);\n\n    \u002F\u002F Watch out: that first `?? 0` looks as if it gives an `int`, and it does\n    \u002F\u002F compile, but only because the `0` is made into a present `int?` to\n    \u002F\u002F match the inner level. Try printing `once` directly: the compiler\n    \u002F\u002F refuses, because an `int?` is not something `PrintLine` can show.\n    return 0;\n}\n","Src\u002FMain.rux",[3750,4363,4364,4370,4375,4380,4385,4390,4395,4400,4404,4410,4416,4422,4438,4445,4454,4465,4478,4483,4488,4494,4500,4506,4541,4554,4571,4584,4589,4594,4603,4608,4613,4619,4625,4631,4661,4681,4707,4729,4749,4754,4759,4764,4770,4800,4819,4859,4886,4905,4910,4915,4920,4937,4950,4978,5002,5008,5013,5030,5045,5061,5077,5082,5088,5094,5100,5127,5144,5165,5182,5187,5193,5199,5205,5211,5220],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3773,4365,4366],{"class":3775,"line":3776},[3773,4367,4369],{"class":4368},"sY9YT","\u002F\u002F A player who has not played yet has no score, so the team sheet stores each\n",[3773,4371,4372],{"class":3775,"line":3791},[3773,4373,4374],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F score as an `int?`. Now look a player up by number. The answer can be\n",[3773,4376,4377],{"class":3775,"line":3807},[3773,4378,4379],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F missing for two different reasons:\n",[3773,4381,4382],{"class":3775,"line":3823},[3773,4383,4384],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F\n",[3773,4386,4387],{"class":3775,"line":3866},[3773,4388,4389],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F     none                   nobody wears that number\n",[3773,4391,4392],{"class":3775,"line":4021},[3773,4393,4394],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F     .Some(none)            the player exists, but has no score yet\n",[3773,4396,4397],{"class":3775,"line":4027},[3773,4398,4399],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F     .Some(.Some(score))    the player exists and has scored\n",[3773,4401,4402],{"class":3775,"line":4038},[3773,4403,4384],{"class":4368},[3773,4405,4407],{"class":3775,"line":4406},9,[3773,4408,4409],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F The type that holds all three is `int??`, an optional of an optional. Rux\n",[3773,4411,4413],{"class":3775,"line":4412},10,[3773,4414,4415],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F never squashes the two levels into one, so the two kinds of \"nothing\" stay\n",[3773,4417,4419],{"class":3775,"line":4418},11,[3773,4420,4421],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F different and you can tell them apart.\n",[3773,4423,4425,4428,4431,4434,4436],{"class":3775,"line":4424},12,[3773,4426,4427],{"class":3779},"import",[3773,4429,4430],{"class":3794}," Io",[3773,4432,4433],{"class":3817},"::",[3773,4435,2731],{"class":3794},[3773,4437,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4439,4441],{"class":3775,"line":4440},13,[3773,4442,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},true,"\n",[3773,4446,4448,4450,4452],{"class":3775,"line":4447},14,[3773,4449,3780],{"class":3779},[3773,4451,3784],{"class":3783},[3773,4453,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4455,4457,4459,4461,4463],{"class":3775,"line":4456},15,[3773,4458,3795],{"class":3794},[3773,4460,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4462,3801],{"class":3783},[3773,4464,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4466,4468,4470,4472,4474,4476],{"class":3775,"line":4467},16,[3773,4469,3810],{"class":3794},[3773,4471,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4473,3801],{"class":3783},[3773,4475,3818],{"class":3817},[3773,4477,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4479,4481],{"class":3775,"line":4480},17,[3773,4482,3826],{"class":3787},[3773,4484,4486],{"class":3775,"line":4485},18,[3773,4487,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,4489,4491],{"class":3775,"line":4490},19,[3773,4492,4493],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F `player.score` is an `int?`. Returned from here it becomes a present `int??`\n",[3773,4495,4497],{"class":3775,"line":4496},20,[3773,4498,4499],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F on its own, even when the score inside is `none`. Only the `none` at the\n",[3773,4501,4503],{"class":3775,"line":4502},21,[3773,4504,4505],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F bottom means \"not found\".\n",[3773,4507,4509,4511,4513,4515,4517,4519,4521,4523,4525,4527,4529,4531,4533,4535,4537,4539],{"class":3775,"line":4508},22,[3773,4510,3919],{"class":3779},[3773,4512,3923],{"class":3922},[3773,4514,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4516,3930],{"class":3929},[3773,4518,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4520,3935],{"class":3783},[3773,4522,3938],{"class":3794},[3773,4524,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4526,3944],{"class":3929},[3773,4528,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4530,3898],{"class":3783},[3773,4532,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4534,3954],{"class":3787},[3773,4536,3801],{"class":3779},[3773,4538,3959],{"class":3794},[3773,4540,3962],{"class":3787},[3773,4542,4544,4546,4548,4550,4552],{"class":3775,"line":4543},23,[3773,4545,3967],{"class":3779},[3773,4547,3970],{"class":3794},[3773,4549,3973],{"class":3779},[3773,4551,3976],{"class":3794},[3773,4553,3962],{"class":3787},[3773,4555,4557,4559,4561,4563,4565,4567,4569],{"class":3775,"line":4556},24,[3773,4558,3983],{"class":3779},[3773,4560,3986],{"class":3794},[3773,4562,3989],{"class":3817},[3773,4564,3992],{"class":3794},[3773,4566,3995],{"class":3817},[3773,4568,3998],{"class":3794},[3773,4570,3962],{"class":3787},[3773,4572,4574,4576,4578,4580,4582],{"class":3775,"line":4573},25,[3773,4575,4005],{"class":3779},[3773,4577,3986],{"class":3794},[3773,4579,3989],{"class":3817},[3773,4581,3832],{"class":3794},[3773,4583,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4585,4587],{"class":3775,"line":4586},26,[3773,4588,4018],{"class":3787},[3773,4590,4592],{"class":3775,"line":4591},27,[3773,4593,4024],{"class":3787},[3773,4595,4597,4599,4601],{"class":3775,"line":4596},28,[3773,4598,4030],{"class":3779},[3773,4600,4033],{"class":3794},[3773,4602,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,4604,4606],{"class":3775,"line":4605},29,[3773,4607,3826],{"class":3787},[3773,4609,4611],{"class":3775,"line":4610},30,[3773,4612,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,4614,4616],{"class":3775,"line":4615},31,[3773,4617,4618],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F Each `?` in a pattern opens one level. `score??` is \"a present, present\n",[3773,4620,4622],{"class":3775,"line":4621},32,[3773,4623,4624],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F score\". `none?` is \"a present `none`\": the player was found but has no\n",[3773,4626,4628],{"class":3775,"line":4627},33,[3773,4629,4630],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F score. Plain `none` is the outer absence.\n",[3773,4632,4634,4636,4639,4641,4643,4645,4647,4649,4651,4653,4655,4657,4659],{"class":3775,"line":4633},34,[3773,4635,3919],{"class":3779},[3773,4637,4638],{"class":3922}," Report",[3773,4640,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4642,3930],{"class":3929},[3773,4644,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4646,3935],{"class":3783},[3773,4648,3938],{"class":3794},[3773,4650,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4652,3944],{"class":3929},[3773,4654,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4656,3898],{"class":3783},[3773,4658,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4660,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4662,4664,4667,4669,4671,4673,4675,4677,4679],{"class":3775,"line":4663},35,[3773,4665,4666],{"class":3779},"    match",[3773,4668,3923],{"class":3794},[3773,4670,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4672,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,4674,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4676,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4678,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4680,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4682,4684,4687,4689,4691,4693,4695,4697,4699,4701,4703,4705],{"class":3775,"line":4683},36,[3773,4685,4686],{"class":3794},"        score",[3773,4688,4080],{"class":3817},[3773,4690,4083],{"class":3817},[3773,4692,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4694,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4696,4092],{"class":4091},[3773,4698,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4700,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4702,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4704,4101],{"class":3794},[3773,4706,4104],{"class":3787},[3773,4708,4710,4713,4715,4717,4719,4721,4723,4725,4727],{"class":3775,"line":4709},37,[3773,4711,4712],{"class":3794},"        none",[3773,4714,3818],{"class":3817},[3773,4716,4083],{"class":3817},[3773,4718,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4720,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4722,4120],{"class":4091},[3773,4724,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4726,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4728,4104],{"class":3787},[3773,4730,4732,4735,4737,4739,4741,4743,4745,4747],{"class":3775,"line":4731},38,[3773,4733,4734],{"class":3794},"        none ",[3773,4736,4134],{"class":3817},[3773,4738,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4740,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4742,4141],{"class":4091},[3773,4744,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4746,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4748,4148],{"class":3787},[3773,4750,4752],{"class":3775,"line":4751},39,[3773,4753,4024],{"class":3787},[3773,4755,4757],{"class":3775,"line":4756},40,[3773,4758,3826],{"class":3787},[3773,4760,4762],{"class":3775,"line":4761},41,[3773,4763,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,4765,4767],{"class":3775,"line":4766},42,[3773,4768,4769],{"class":4368},"\u002F\u002F The same three cases in the long spelling.\n",[3773,4771,4773,4775,4778,4780,4782,4784,4786,4788,4790,4792,4794,4796,4798],{"class":3775,"line":4772},43,[3773,4774,3919],{"class":3779},[3773,4776,4777],{"class":3922}," ReportLong",[3773,4779,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4781,3930],{"class":3929},[3773,4783,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4785,3935],{"class":3783},[3773,4787,3938],{"class":3794},[3773,4789,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4791,3944],{"class":3929},[3773,4793,3737],{"class":3787},[3773,4795,3898],{"class":3783},[3773,4797,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4799,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4801,4803,4805,4807,4809,4811,4813,4815,4817],{"class":3775,"line":4802},44,[3773,4804,4666],{"class":3779},[3773,4806,3923],{"class":3794},[3773,4808,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4810,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,4812,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4814,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4816,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4818,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4820,4822,4825,4828,4830,4832,4834,4836,4838,4841,4843,4845,4847,4849,4851,4853,4855,4857],{"class":3775,"line":4821},45,[3773,4823,4824],{"class":3817},"        .",[3773,4826,4827],{"class":3794},"Some",[3773,4829,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4831,3989],{"class":3817},[3773,4833,4827],{"class":3794},[3773,4835,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4837,3832],{"class":3794},[3773,4839,4840],{"class":3787},"))",[3773,4842,4083],{"class":3817},[3773,4844,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4846,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4848,4092],{"class":4091},[3773,4850,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4852,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4854,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4856,4101],{"class":3794},[3773,4858,4104],{"class":3787},[3773,4860,4862,4864,4866,4868,4870,4872,4874,4876,4878,4880,4882,4884],{"class":3775,"line":4861},46,[3773,4863,4824],{"class":3817},[3773,4865,4827],{"class":3794},[3773,4867,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4869,3894],{"class":3794},[3773,4871,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,4873,4083],{"class":3817},[3773,4875,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4877,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4879,4120],{"class":4091},[3773,4881,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4883,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4885,4104],{"class":3787},[3773,4887,4889,4891,4893,4895,4897,4899,4901,4903],{"class":3775,"line":4888},47,[3773,4890,4734],{"class":3794},[3773,4892,4134],{"class":3817},[3773,4894,4086],{"class":3794},[3773,4896,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,4898,4141],{"class":4091},[3773,4900,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4902,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4904,4148],{"class":3787},[3773,4906,4908],{"class":3775,"line":4907},48,[3773,4909,4024],{"class":3787},[3773,4911,4913],{"class":3775,"line":4912},49,[3773,4914,3826],{"class":3787},[3773,4916,4918],{"class":3775,"line":4917},50,[3773,4919,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,4921,4923,4925,4928,4931,4933,4935],{"class":3775,"line":4922},51,[3773,4924,3919],{"class":3779},[3773,4926,4927],{"class":3922}," Main",[3773,4929,4930],{"class":3787},"()",[3773,4932,3954],{"class":3787},[3773,4934,3801],{"class":3779},[3773,4936,3788],{"class":3787},[3773,4938,4940,4943,4945,4947],{"class":3775,"line":4939},52,[3773,4941,4942],{"class":3779},"    let",[3773,4944,3976],{"class":3794},[3773,4946,4258],{"class":3817},[3773,4948,4949],{"class":3787}," [\n",[3773,4951,4953,4956,4959,4961,4963,4966,4968,4970,4972,4975],{"class":3775,"line":4952},53,[3773,4954,4955],{"class":3794},"        Player ",[3773,4957,4958],{"class":3787},"{",[3773,4960,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4962,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4964,4965],{"class":4269}," 7",[3773,4967,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4969,4101],{"class":3794},[3773,4971,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4973,4974],{"class":4269}," 12",[3773,4976,4977],{"class":3787}," },\n",[3773,4979,4981,4983,4985,4987,4989,4991,4993,4995,4997,5000],{"class":3775,"line":4980},54,[3773,4982,4955],{"class":3794},[3773,4984,4958],{"class":3787},[3773,4986,3944],{"class":3794},[3773,4988,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4990,4270],{"class":4269},[3773,4992,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,4994,4101],{"class":3794},[3773,4996,3798],{"class":3787},[3773,4998,4999],{"class":3794}," none ",[3773,5001,3826],{"class":3787},[3773,5003,5005],{"class":3775,"line":5004},55,[3773,5006,5007],{"class":3787},"    ];\n",[3773,5009,5011],{"class":3775,"line":5010},56,[3773,5012,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,5014,5016,5019,5021,5023,5025,5027],{"class":3775,"line":5015},57,[3773,5017,5018],{"class":3794},"    Report",[3773,5020,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5022,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,5024,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5026,4965],{"class":4269},[3773,5028,5029],{"class":3787},");\n",[3773,5031,5033,5035,5037,5039,5041,5043],{"class":3775,"line":5032},58,[3773,5034,5018],{"class":3794},[3773,5036,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5038,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,5040,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5042,4270],{"class":4269},[3773,5044,5029],{"class":3787},[3773,5046,5048,5050,5052,5054,5056,5059],{"class":3775,"line":5047},59,[3773,5049,5018],{"class":3794},[3773,5051,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5053,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,5055,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5057,5058],{"class":4269}," 3",[3773,5060,5029],{"class":3787},[3773,5062,5064,5067,5069,5071,5073,5075],{"class":3775,"line":5063},60,[3773,5065,5066],{"class":3794},"    ReportLong",[3773,5068,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5070,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,5072,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5074,4270],{"class":4269},[3773,5076,5029],{"class":3787},[3773,5078,5080],{"class":3775,"line":5079},61,[3773,5081,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,5083,5085],{"class":3775,"line":5084},62,[3773,5086,5087],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F `??` opens just one level too. For #9 the outer level is present, so\n",[3773,5089,5091],{"class":3775,"line":5090},63,[3773,5092,5093],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F the fallback is not used and `once` is the inner `none`, still an\n",[3773,5095,5097],{"class":3775,"line":5096},64,[3773,5098,5099],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F `int?`. A second `??` deals with that one.\n",[3773,5101,5103,5105,5107,5109,5111,5113,5115,5117,5119,5121,5123,5125],{"class":3775,"line":5102},65,[3773,5104,4942],{"class":3779},[3773,5106,4255],{"class":3794},[3773,5108,4258],{"class":3817},[3773,5110,3923],{"class":3794},[3773,5112,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5114,3930],{"class":3794},[3773,5116,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5118,4270],{"class":4269},[3773,5120,3951],{"class":3787},[3773,5122,4275],{"class":3817},[3773,5124,4278],{"class":4269},[3773,5126,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,5128,5130,5132,5134,5136,5138,5140,5142],{"class":3775,"line":5129},66,[3773,5131,4942],{"class":3779},[3773,5133,4287],{"class":3794},[3773,5135,4258],{"class":3817},[3773,5137,4255],{"class":3794},[3773,5139,4080],{"class":3817},[3773,5141,4278],{"class":4269},[3773,5143,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,5145,5147,5150,5152,5155,5157,5159,5161,5163],{"class":3775,"line":5146},67,[3773,5148,5149],{"class":3794},"    PrintLine",[3773,5151,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5153,5154],{"class":4091},"\"#9 opened once is still none: {}\"",[3773,5156,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5158,4255],{"class":3794},[3773,5160,3995],{"class":3817},[3773,5162,4033],{"class":3794},[3773,5164,5029],{"class":3787},[3773,5166,5168,5170,5172,5175,5177,5180],{"class":3775,"line":5167},68,[3773,5169,5149],{"class":3794},[3773,5171,3926],{"class":3787},[3773,5173,5174],{"class":4091},"\"#9 opened twice: {}\"",[3773,5176,3941],{"class":3787},[3773,5178,5179],{"class":3794}," twice",[3773,5181,5029],{"class":3787},[3773,5183,5185],{"class":3775,"line":5184},69,[3773,5186,4444],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4443},[3773,5188,5190],{"class":3775,"line":5189},70,[3773,5191,5192],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F Watch out: that first `?? 0` looks as if it gives an `int`, and it does\n",[3773,5194,5196],{"class":3775,"line":5195},71,[3773,5197,5198],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F compile, but only because the `0` is made into a present `int?` to\n",[3773,5200,5202],{"class":3775,"line":5201},72,[3773,5203,5204],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F match the inner level. Try printing `once` directly: the compiler\n",[3773,5206,5208],{"class":3775,"line":5207},73,[3773,5209,5210],{"class":4368},"    \u002F\u002F refuses, because an `int?` is not something `PrintLine` can show.\n",[3773,5212,5214,5216,5218],{"class":3775,"line":5213},74,[3773,5215,4030],{"class":3779},[3773,5217,4278],{"class":4269},[3773,5219,3804],{"class":3787},[3773,5221,5223],{"class":3775,"line":5222},75,[3773,5224,3826],{"class":3787},[3759,5226,5228],{"id":5227},"run-it","Run it",[3764,5230,5234],{"className":5231,"code":5232,"language":5233,"meta":3769,"style":3769},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha","cd Examples\u002FOptionals\u002FNestedOptional\nrux run\n","sh",[3750,5235,5236,5245],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3773,5237,5238,5242],{"class":3775,"line":3776},[3773,5239,5241],{"class":5240},"s0rF6","cd",[3773,5243,5244],{"class":4091}," Examples\u002FOptionals\u002FNestedOptional\n",[3773,5246,5247,5249],{"class":3775,"line":3791},[3773,5248,3768],{"class":3922},[3773,5250,5251],{"class":4091}," run\n",[3764,5253,5258],{"className":5254,"code":5256,"language":5257},[5255],"language-text","#7 scored 12\n#9 has not played yet\n#3 is not on the team\n#9 has not played yet\n#9 opened once is still none: true\n#9 opened twice: 0\n","text",[3750,5259,5256],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3759,5261,5263],{"id":5262},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[5265,5266,5267,5282,5288],"mistake",{},[3731,5268,5269,5275,5278,5281],{},[3734,5270,5271,5272,5274],{},"Treating the result of one ",[3750,5273,4080],{}," as plain.",[5276,5277],"br",{},[3750,5279,5280],{},"PrintLine(\"{}\", once);"," fails with:",[3764,5283,5286],{"className":5284,"code":5285,"language":5257,"meta":3769},[5255],"error: no matching overload for 'PrintLine' with argument types (char8[..], int?)\n",[3750,5287,5285],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3731,5289,5290,5291,5293],{},"One ",[3750,5292,4080],{}," opened only the outer level; open the inner one too.",[5265,5295,5296,5314,5320],{},[3731,5297,5298,5301,5303,5305,5306,5309,5310,5313],{},[3734,5299,5300],{},"Chaining the two fallbacks without parentheses.",[5276,5302],{},[3750,5304,4080],{}," groups from the right, so ",[3750,5307,5308],{},"ScoreOf(players, 9) ?? 0 ?? 0"," means ",[3750,5311,5312],{},"ScoreOf(players, 9) ?? (0 ?? 0)"," and fails with:",[3764,5315,5318],{"className":5316,"code":5317,"language":5257,"meta":3769},[5255],"error: operator '??' requires an optional left operand, but found 'int'\n",[3750,5319,5317],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3731,5321,5322,5323,5326,5327,5329],{},"Write ",[3750,5324,5325],{},"(ScoreOf(players, 9) ?? 0) ?? 0",", or use two ",[3750,5328,4252],{},"s as the lesson does.",[5265,5331,5332,5346,5352],{},[3731,5333,5334,5337,5339,5340,5342,5343,5345],{},[3734,5335,5336],{},"Forgetting the middle case.",[5276,5338],{},"\nA match with only ",[3750,5341,4182],{}," and ",[3750,5344,3894],{}," arms is not exhaustive:",[3764,5347,5350],{"className":5348,"code":5349,"language":5257,"meta":3769},[5255],"error: match on 'int??' is not exhaustive; missing .Some(none)\n",[3750,5351,5349],{"__ignoreMap":3769},[3731,5353,5354],{},"The player who exists but has no score needs its own arm.",[3759,5356,5358],{"id":5357},"try-it-yourself","Try it yourself",[5360,5361,5362,5370,5387],"ol",{},[5363,5364,5365,5366,5369],"li",{},"Add a player ",[3750,5367,5368],{},"Player { number: 11, score: 0 }"," and check that #11 is reported as having scored 0, not as \"has not played yet\".",[5363,5371,5322,5372,5375,5376,5378,5379,5382,5383,5386],{},[3750,5373,5374],{},"Played(players: Player[..], number: int) -> bool?"," that is ",[3750,5377,3894],{}," for an unknown number, and ",[3750,5380,5381],{},"true"," or ",[3750,5384,5385],{},"false"," otherwise.",[5363,5388,5389,5390,5392,5393,5396,5397,5399],{},"Replace the three-arm match with ",[3750,5391,4080],{},": print ",[3750,5394,5395],{},"-1"," for \"not on the team\" and ",[3750,5398,4319],{}," for \"has not played yet\".",[3759,5401,5403],{"id":5402},"learn-more","Learn more",[5405,5406,5407,5417,5430],"ul",{},[5363,5408,5409,5411,5412,5342,5415],{},[3739,5410,3741],{"href":428}," — the one-level patterns ",[3750,5413,5414],{},"score?",[3750,5416,3894],{},[5363,5418,5419,5422,5423,5342,5426,5429],{},[3739,5420,5421],{"href":779},"Optional pointer"," — the same care with ",[3750,5424,5425],{},"(*T)?",[3750,5427,5428],{},"*T?",", in the Memory part",[5363,5431,5432,5435,5436,5439],{},[3739,5433,5434],{"href":507},"Nested fallible"," — an optional inside a fallible, ",[3750,5437,5438],{},"int? ! E",", in the Errors part",[5441,5442,5443],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .smXKV, html code.shiki .smXKV{--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-default:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7}html pre.shiki code .sqZDx, html code.shiki .sqZDx{--shiki-light:#DF8E1D;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#DF8E1D;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#F9E2AF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sDi1i, html code.shiki .sDi1i{--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-default:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2}html pre.shiki code .sJT_S, html code.shiki .sJT_S{--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-default:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4}html pre.shiki code .sCFbw, html code.shiki .sCFbw{--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-default:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sptzg, html code.shiki .sptzg{--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#1E66F5;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sYR1E, html code.shiki .sYR1E{--shiki-light:#E64553;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E64553;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#EBA0AC;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sXpww, html code.shiki .sXpww{--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-default:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1}html pre.shiki code .snhBn, html code.shiki .snhBn{--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-default:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387}html pre.shiki code .sY9YT, html code.shiki .sY9YT{--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#7C7F93;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s0rF6, html code.shiki .s0rF6{--shiki-light:#D20F39;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D20F39;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#F38BA8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":3769,"searchDepth":3791,"depth":3791,"links":5445},[5446,5447,5448,5449,5450,5451,5452,5453,5454],{"id":3761,"depth":3791,"text":3762},{"id":3875,"depth":3791,"text":3876},{"id":4043,"depth":3791,"text":4044},{"id":4231,"depth":3791,"text":4232},{"id":4346,"depth":3791,"text":4347},{"id":5227,"depth":3791,"text":5228},{"id":5262,"depth":3791,"text":5263},{"id":5357,"depth":3791,"text":5358},{"id":5402,"depth":3791,"text":5403},"Tell two kinds of absence apart with int??, an optional of an optional.","md",{"number":5458,"source":5459,"requires":5460},"8.6","Optionals\u002FNestedOptional",[5461,5462],"presence","coalesce",{},{"title":443},{"title":3718,"description":5455},"rZ5emVKUcM0e5_3rglnWFZbJW9lxQmHQkoiFhLlc7jQ",[5468,5470],{"title":439,"path":440,"stem":441,"description":5469,"children":-1},"Pass absence up to the caller with ? in a function that returns an optional.",{"title":49,"path":448,"stem":449,"description":5471,"children":-1},"Operations that can fail: T ! E. Sixteen lessons on reporting a failure with fail, handling it with match and catch, passing it on with ?, designing error types, and stopping the program with Panic and Assert when only a bug could be to blame.",1792235734372]