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The function that writes it takes a ",[3758,3893,3894],{},"&var Writer"," — an ",[3738,3897,3898],{"href":608},"interface parameter"," — so it neither knows nor cares where the bytes go:",[3789,3901,3903],{"className":3791,"code":3902,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"func WriteReadings(out: &var Writer, readings: Reading[..]) -> ! IoError {\n    WriteUint16(out, Endian::Little, readings.length as uint16)?;\n    for reading in readings {\n        WriteUint16(out, Endian::Little, reading.sensor)?;\n        WriteInt16(out, Endian::Little, reading.tenths)?;\n    }\n}\n",[3758,3904,3905,3949,3991,4008,4042,4075,4081],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,3906,3907,3910,3914,3917,3921,3924,3926,3928,3931,3933,3937,3940,3943,3946],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,3908,3909],{"class":3804},"func",[3798,3911,3913],{"class":3912},"sptzg"," WriteReadings",[3798,3915,3916],{"class":3816},"(",[3798,3918,3920],{"class":3919},"sYR1E","out",[3798,3922,3923],{"class":3808},": &var ",[3798,3925,2683],{"class":3919},[3798,3927,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,3929,3930],{"class":3919}," readings",[3798,3932,3736],{"class":3816},[3798,3934,3936],{"class":3935},"sqZDx","Reading",[3798,3938,3939],{"class":3808},"[..]",[3798,3941,3942],{"class":3816},")",[3798,3944,3945],{"class":3808}," -> ! IoError ",[3798,3947,3948],{"class":3816},"{\n",[3798,3950,3951,3954,3956,3958,3960,3962,3964,3967,3969,3971,3974,3977,3980,3983,3985,3988],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,3952,3953],{"class":3808},"    WriteUint16",[3798,3955,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,3957,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,3959,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,3961,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,3963,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,3965,3966],{"class":3808},"Little",[3798,3968,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,3970,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,3972,3973],{"class":3812},".",[3798,3975,3976],{"class":3808},"length ",[3798,3978,3979],{"class":3812},"as",[3798,3981,3982],{"class":3935}," uint16",[3798,3984,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,3986,3987],{"class":3812},"?",[3798,3989,3990],{"class":3816},";\n",[3798,3992,3994,3997,4000,4003,4006],{"class":3800,"line":3993},3,[3798,3995,3996],{"class":3804},"    for",[3798,3998,3999],{"class":3808}," reading ",[3798,4001,4002],{"class":3804},"in",[3798,4004,4005],{"class":3808}," readings ",[3798,4007,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,4009,4011,4014,4016,4018,4020,4022,4024,4026,4028,4031,4033,4036,4038,4040],{"class":3800,"line":4010},4,[3798,4012,4013],{"class":3808},"        WriteUint16",[3798,4015,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4017,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,4019,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4021,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,4023,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4025,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,4027,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4029,4030],{"class":3808}," reading",[3798,4032,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4034,4035],{"class":3808},"sensor",[3798,4037,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4039,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4041,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4043,4045,4048,4050,4052,4054,4056,4058,4060,4062,4064,4066,4069,4071,4073],{"class":3800,"line":4044},5,[3798,4046,4047],{"class":3808},"        WriteInt16",[3798,4049,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4051,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,4053,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4055,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,4057,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4059,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,4061,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4063,4030],{"class":3808},[3798,4065,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4067,4068],{"class":3808},"tenths",[3798,4070,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4072,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4074,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4076,4078],{"class":3800,"line":4077},6,[3798,4079,4080],{"class":3816},"    }\n",[3798,4082,4084],{"class":3800,"line":4083},7,[3798,4085,4086],{"class":3816},"}\n",[3730,4088,4089,4092,4093,4096,4097,4099],{},[3758,4090,4091],{},"ReadReadings"," is the other half, from a ",[3758,4094,4095],{},"&var Reader",". Neither function names a file or a memory stream; ",[3758,4098,1553],{}," decides, by what it passes:",[3789,4101,4105],{"className":4102,"code":4103,"language":4104,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"language-mermaid shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha","flowchart LR\n    w[\"`WriteReadings`\"] --> wi{\"`&var Writer`\"}\n    wi --> bw[\"`ByteWriter`\u003Cbr\u002F>bytes in memory\"]\n    wi --> fw[\"`File`\u003Cbr\u002F>bytes on disk\"]\n    r[\"`ReadReadings`\"] --> ri{\"`&var Reader`\"}\n    ri --> br[\"`ByteReader`\u003Cbr\u002F>over a slice\"]\n    ri --> fr[\"`File`\"]\n","mermaid",[3758,4106,4107,4112,4117,4122,4127,4132,4137],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4108,4109],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4110,4111],{},"flowchart LR\n",[3798,4113,4114],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,4115,4116],{},"    w[\"`WriteReadings`\"] --> wi{\"`&var Writer`\"}\n",[3798,4118,4119],{"class":3800,"line":3993},[3798,4120,4121],{},"    wi --> bw[\"`ByteWriter`\u003Cbr\u002F>bytes in memory\"]\n",[3798,4123,4124],{"class":3800,"line":4010},[3798,4125,4126],{},"    wi --> fw[\"`File`\u003Cbr\u002F>bytes on disk\"]\n",[3798,4128,4129],{"class":3800,"line":4044},[3798,4130,4131],{},"    r[\"`ReadReadings`\"] --> ri{\"`&var Reader`\"}\n",[3798,4133,4134],{"class":3800,"line":4077},[3798,4135,4136],{},"    ri --> br[\"`ByteReader`\u003Cbr\u002F>over a slice\"]\n",[3798,4138,4139],{"class":3800,"line":4083},[3798,4140,4141],{},"    ri --> fr[\"`File`\"]\n",[3885,4143,4145],{"id":4144},"writing-into-memory","Writing into memory",[3730,4147,3777,4148,4151,4152,4155,4156,4159,4160,4163],{},[3758,4149,4150],{},"ByteWriter"," keeps everything written in a block of memory that it grows as needed, doubling each time, so a long run of small writes stays cheap. It is made from an ",[3738,4153,4154],{"href":791},"allocator",", and ",[3758,4157,4158],{},"Bytes()"," hands the bytes back as a ",[3758,4161,4162],{},"char8[..]"," view:",[3789,4165,4167],{"className":3791,"code":4166,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"var memory = ByteWriter::New(allocator);\nWriteReadings(memory, readings[..])?;\n",[3758,4168,4169,4194],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4170,4171,4174,4177,4180,4182,4184,4187,4189,4191],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4172,4173],{"class":3804},"var",[3798,4175,4176],{"class":3808}," memory ",[3798,4178,4179],{"class":3812},"=",[3798,4181,3826],{"class":3808},[3798,4183,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4185,4186],{"class":3808},"New",[3798,4188,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4190,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,4192,4193],{"class":3816},");\n",[3798,4195,4196,4199,4201,4204,4206,4208,4211,4214,4217,4219],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,4197,4198],{"class":3808},"WriteReadings",[3798,4200,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4202,4203],{"class":3808},"memory",[3798,4205,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4207,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,4209,4210],{"class":3816},"[",[3798,4212,4213],{"class":3812},"..",[3798,4215,4216],{"class":3816},"])",[3798,4218,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4220,3990],{"class":3816},[3730,4222,4223,4224,4227,4228,4231],{},"Three readings make 14 bytes — the count, then three pairs — and the program prints them in hexadecimal: ",[3758,4225,4226],{},"03 00"," is the count 3 with its low byte first, ",[3758,4229,4230],{},"d7 00"," is 215, the 21.5 °C of sensor 1.",[4233,4234,4235,4251],"table",{},[4236,4237,4238],"thead",{},[4239,4240,4241,4245,4248],"tr",{},[4242,4243,4244],"th",{},"Method",[4242,4246,4247],{},"Returns",[4242,4249,4250],{},"Does",[4252,4253,4254,4268,4283,4297,4312,4327,4340],"tbody",{},[4239,4255,4256,4261,4265],{},[4257,4258,4259],"td",{},[3758,4260,4186],{},[4257,4262,4263],{},[3758,4264,4150],{},[4257,4266,4267],{},"an empty writer drawing on an allocator",[4239,4269,4270,4275,4280],{},[4257,4271,4272],{},[3758,4273,4274],{},"Write",[4257,4276,4277],{},[3758,4278,4279],{},"uint ! IoError",[4257,4281,4282],{},"appends, or overwrites after a seek back",[4239,4284,4285,4290,4294],{},[4257,4286,4287],{},[3758,4288,4289],{},"Bytes",[4257,4291,4292],{},[3758,4293,4162],{},[4257,4295,4296],{},"everything written, valid until the next change",[4239,4298,4299,4304,4309],{},[4257,4300,4301],{},[3758,4302,4303],{},"Length",[4257,4305,4306],{},[3758,4307,4308],{},"uint",[4257,4310,4311],{},"how many bytes have been written",[4239,4313,4314,4319,4324],{},[4257,4315,4316],{},[3758,4317,4318],{},"Seek",[4257,4320,4321],{},[3758,4322,4323],{},"uint64 ! IoError",[4257,4325,4326],{},"moves where the next write lands, within what is written",[4239,4328,4329,4334,4337],{},[4257,4330,4331],{},[3758,4332,4333],{},"Clear",[4257,4335,4336],{},"—",[4257,4338,4339],{},"forgets the bytes, keeping the block for reuse",[4239,4341,4342,4347,4349],{},[4257,4343,4344],{},[3758,4345,4346],{},"Release",[4257,4348,4336],{},[4257,4350,4351],{},"gives the block back; the destructor does this too",[3885,4353,4355],{"id":4354},"reading-from-memory","Reading from memory",[3730,4357,3777,4358,4361,4362,4365],{},[3758,4359,4360],{},"ByteReader"," reads a slice of bytes you already have — here the writer's own — from the start. It borrows them, so they must outlive it, and it fails with ",[3758,4363,4364],{},"EndOfStream"," once they are used up, exactly like a file:",[3789,4367,4369],{"className":3791,"code":4368,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"var reader = ByteReader::New(memory.Bytes());\nReadReadings(reader)?;\n",[3758,4370,4371,4397],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4372,4373,4375,4378,4380,4382,4384,4386,4388,4390,4392,4394],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4374,4173],{"class":3804},[3798,4376,4377],{"class":3808}," reader ",[3798,4379,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,4381,3820],{"class":3808},[3798,4383,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4385,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,4387,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4389,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,4391,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4393,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,4395,4396],{"class":3816},"());\n",[3798,4398,4399,4401,4403,4406,4408,4410],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,4400,4091],{"class":3808},[3798,4402,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4404,4405],{"class":3808},"reader",[3798,4407,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4409,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4411,3990],{"class":3816},[3730,4413,4414,4417,4418,4421],{},[3758,4415,4416],{},"Position()"," tells how far it has read and ",[3758,4419,4420],{},"Remaining()"," returns the bytes not yet read.",[3885,4423,4425],{"id":4424},"the-same-code-a-file","The same code, a file",[3730,4427,4428,4430,4431,4433],{},[3758,4429,1553],{}," then passes a ",[3758,4432,2753],{}," to the very same two functions. The file holds the same 14 bytes, and reads back the same three readings — the format code never changed.",[3730,4435,4436,4437,4439],{},"That is the point of a memory stream: the format is proved right in memory, where a test is fast and leaves nothing behind, and then trusted with a file. The last part of the program goes further. A damaged input — a stream that ends in the middle of a reading — normally means writing a file and cutting it short, as Binary did. With a ",[3758,4438,4360],{},", it is just a shorter slice:",[3789,4441,4443],{"className":3791,"code":4442,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"var cut = ByteReader::New(memory.Bytes()[..9]);\n",[3758,4444,4445],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4446,4447,4449,4452,4454,4456,4458,4460,4462,4464,4466,4468,4471,4473,4477],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4448,4173],{"class":3804},[3798,4450,4451],{"class":3808}," cut ",[3798,4453,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,4455,3820],{"class":3808},[3798,4457,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4459,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,4461,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4463,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,4465,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4467,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,4469,4470],{"class":3816},"()[",[3798,4472,4213],{"class":3812},[3798,4474,4476],{"class":4475},"snhBn","9",[3798,4478,4479],{"class":3816},"]);\n",[3730,4481,4482,4483,4486,4487,4489],{},"The first reading comes through whole. The second has its sensor but only one byte of its temperature, so ",[3758,4484,4485],{},"ReadInt16"," fails with ",[3758,4488,4364],{},", and the read is refused rather than finished with a made-up value.",[3885,4491,4493],{"id":4492},"seeking","Seeking",[3730,4495,4496,4497,4499],{},"Both streams can ",[3758,4498,4318],{}," within what they hold. A writer that seeks back overwrites in place, which is how a format whose header holds a count or a length is written when that number is only known at the end:",[3789,4501,4503],{"className":3791,"code":4502,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"var memory = ByteWriter::New(allocator);\nWriteAll(memory, \"count=0;a;b;c\")?;\n\u002F\u002F Go back and fix the count once it is known.\nmemory.Seek(SeekFrom::Start, 6)?;\nWriteAll(memory, \"3\")?;\nPrintLine(\"{}\", memory.Bytes());\n",[3758,4504,4505,4525,4546,4552,4581,4600],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4506,4507,4509,4511,4513,4515,4517,4519,4521,4523],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4508,4173],{"class":3804},[3798,4510,4176],{"class":3808},[3798,4512,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,4514,3826],{"class":3808},[3798,4516,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4518,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,4520,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4522,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,4524,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,4526,4527,4530,4532,4534,4536,4540,4542,4544],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,4528,4529],{"class":3808},"WriteAll",[3798,4531,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4533,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,4535,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4537,4539],{"class":4538},"sXpww"," \"count=0;a;b;c\"",[3798,4541,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4543,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4545,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4547,4548],{"class":3800,"line":3993},[3798,4549,4551],{"class":4550},"sY9YT","\u002F\u002F Go back and fix the count once it is known.\n",[3798,4553,4554,4556,4558,4560,4562,4565,4567,4570,4572,4575,4577,4579],{"class":3800,"line":4010},[3798,4555,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,4557,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4559,4318],{"class":3808},[3798,4561,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4563,4564],{"class":3808},"SeekFrom",[3798,4566,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4568,4569],{"class":3808},"Start",[3798,4571,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4573,4574],{"class":4475}," 6",[3798,4576,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4578,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4580,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4582,4583,4585,4587,4589,4591,4594,4596,4598],{"class":3800,"line":4044},[3798,4584,4529],{"class":3808},[3798,4586,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4588,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,4590,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4592,4593],{"class":4538}," \"3\"",[3798,4595,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4597,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,4599,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4601,4602,4604,4606,4609,4611,4614,4616,4618],{"class":3800,"line":4077},[3798,4603,2731],{"class":3808},[3798,4605,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4607,4608],{"class":4538},"\"{}\"",[3798,4610,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4612,4613],{"class":3808}," memory",[3798,4615,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,4617,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,4619,4396],{"class":3816},[3730,4621,4622,4623,4626,4627,3973],{},"This prints ",[3758,4624,4625],{},"count=3;a;b;c",". A seek before the start or past the end of what is held fails with ",[3758,4628,4629],{},"IoErrorKind::InvalidInput",[3885,4631,4633],{"id":4632},"the-program","The program",[3730,4635,4636,4637,4643],{},"The whole lesson is one package in the ",[3738,4638,4642],{"href":4639,"rel":4640},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Frux-lang\u002FExamples\u002Ftree\u002Fmain\u002FFiles\u002FMemoryStream",[4641],"nofollow","Examples repository",". Its comments explain every step.",[3789,4645,4648],{"className":3791,"code":4646,"filename":4647,"language":3793,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"\u002F\u002F Code that reads and writes bytes is usually written against the `Reader` and `Writer`\n\u002F\u002F interfaces rather than against `File`, and the Binary lesson's `ReadUint16` and `WriteUint16`\n\u002F\u002F are written that way. A memory stream is a `Reader` or `Writer` whose bytes live in memory, so\n\u002F\u002F the same code can run without a file at all:\n\u002F\u002F\n\u002F\u002F     ByteWriter    a `Writer` that keeps everything written in a block it grows as needed;\n\u002F\u002F                   `Bytes()` hands the bytes back\n\u002F\u002F     ByteReader    a `Reader` over a slice of bytes you already have; at the end it fails\n\u002F\u002F                   with `EndOfStream`, like a file\n\u002F\u002F\n\u002F\u002F That is how a format is tested without touching the disk, how a message is built in memory\n\u002F\u002F before it is sent in one piece, and how bytes that arrived some other way — over a network,\n\u002F\u002F embedded in the program — are read with the code that reads files.\n\u002F\u002F\n\u002F\u002F The file this program also writes lives in its package's `Bin\u002F` folder, and is deleted at\n\u002F\u002F the end.\nimport Allocator::{ Allocator, SystemAllocator };\nimport FileSystem::{ DeleteFile, File, OpenOptions };\nimport Io::{ ByteReader, ByteWriter, Endian, IoError, Print, PrintLine, ReadInt16, ReadUint16,\n             Reader, WriteInt16, WriteUint16, Writer };\nimport Path::{ OsString, Path };\nimport Text::TextError;\n\n\u002F\u002F A sensor's reading, in tenths of a degree: 215 is 21.5 °C.\nstruct Reading {\n    sensor: uint16;\n    tenths: int16;\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F The format: a count, then each reading's sensor and temperature, two bytes each, little endian.\n\u002F\u002F It takes any `Writer`, so it neither knows nor cares where the bytes go.\nfunc WriteReadings(out: &var Writer, readings: Reading[..]) -> ! IoError {\n    WriteUint16(out, Endian::Little, readings.length as uint16)?;\n    for reading in readings {\n        WriteUint16(out, Endian::Little, reading.sensor)?;\n        WriteInt16(out, Endian::Little, reading.tenths)?;\n    }\n}\n\n\u002F\u002F The other half of the format, from any `Reader`. A stream that ends part-way fails it.\nfunc ReadReadings(input: &var Reader) -> ! IoError {\n    let count = ReadUint16(input, Endian::Little)?;\n    for _ in 0..count {\n        let sensor = ReadUint16(input, Endian::Little)?;\n        let tenths = ReadInt16(input, Endian::Little)?;\n        PrintLine(\"  sensor {}  {:.1} C\", sensor, tenths as float64 \u002F 10.0);\n    }\n}\n\nfunc Main() -> ! IoError | TextError {\n    var system = SystemAllocator();\n    let allocator: Allocator = system;\n    let readings: Reading[3] = [Reading { sensor: 1, tenths: 215 },\n                                Reading { sensor: 2, tenths: 198 },\n                                Reading { sensor: 7, tenths: 230 }];\n\n    \u002F\u002F Into memory. The writer grows its block as bytes arrive.\n    var memory = ByteWriter::New(allocator);\n    WriteReadings(memory, readings[..])?;\n    Print(\"memory: {} bytes:\", memory.Length());\n    for byte in memory.Bytes() {\n        Print(\" {:02x}\", byte as uint8);\n    }\n    PrintLine();\n\n    \u002F\u002F Back out of memory, with the code that would read a file. Reading moves the reader's\n    \u002F\u002F position along, so it must be `var`; a `let` reader is refused:\n    \u002F\u002F\n    \u002F\u002F     error: argument 1 to 'ReadReadings' cannot borrow immutable 'reader' as\n    \u002F\u002F            '&var rux\u002Fio::Reader'\n    var reader = ByteReader::New(memory.Bytes());\n    ReadReadings(reader)?;\n\n    \u002F\u002F The same two functions, given a file.\n    var holder = OsString::FromText(allocator, \"Bin\u002Freadings.bin\")?;\n    let path = Path::FromView(holder.View());\n    var writing = File::Open(allocator, path, OpenOptions::Writing())?;\n    WriteReadings(writing, readings[..])?;\n    writing.Close()?;\n    var reading = File::Open(allocator, path, OpenOptions::Reading())?;\n    PrintLine(\"file:   {} bytes\", reading.Size()?);\n    ReadReadings(reading)?;\n    reading.Close()?;\n    DeleteFile(allocator, path)?;\n\n    \u002F\u002F Damaged input, made without damaging a file: only the first 9 bytes of the 14.\n    var cut = ByteReader::New(memory.Bytes()[..9]);\n    PrintLine(\"cut:    9 bytes\");\n    ReadReadings(cut) catch {\n        error if error.IsEnd() => {\n            PrintLine(\"  ended inside a reading: refused\");\n        },\n        error => fail error\n    };\n}\n","Src\u002FMain.rux",[3758,4649,4650,4655,4660,4665,4670,4675,4680,4685,4691,4697,4702,4708,4714,4720,4725,4731,4737,4758,4785,4828,4847,4869,4883,4890,4896,4908,4921,4934,4939,4944,4950,4956,4987,5022,5035,5066,5097,5102,5107,5112,5118,5140,5171,5191,5222,5252,5290,5295,5300,5305,5321,5338,5358,5408,5434,5460,5465,5471,5492,5516,5537,5558,5581,5586,5594,5599,5605,5611,5617,5623,5629,5654,5670,5675,5681,5713,5742,5785,5809,5826,5863,5888,5904,5920,5940,5945,5951,5982,5994,6011,6034,6047,6053,6064,6070],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,4651,4652],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,4653,4654],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F Code that reads and writes bytes is usually written against the `Reader` and `Writer`\n",[3798,4656,4657],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,4658,4659],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F interfaces rather than against `File`, and the Binary lesson's `ReadUint16` and `WriteUint16`\n",[3798,4661,4662],{"class":3800,"line":3993},[3798,4663,4664],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F are written that way. A memory stream is a `Reader` or `Writer` whose bytes live in memory, so\n",[3798,4666,4667],{"class":3800,"line":4010},[3798,4668,4669],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F the same code can run without a file at all:\n",[3798,4671,4672],{"class":3800,"line":4044},[3798,4673,4674],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F\n",[3798,4676,4677],{"class":3800,"line":4077},[3798,4678,4679],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F     ByteWriter    a `Writer` that keeps everything written in a block it grows as needed;\n",[3798,4681,4682],{"class":3800,"line":4083},[3798,4683,4684],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F                   `Bytes()` hands the bytes back\n",[3798,4686,4688],{"class":3800,"line":4687},8,[3798,4689,4690],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F     ByteReader    a `Reader` over a slice of bytes you already have; at the end it fails\n",[3798,4692,4694],{"class":3800,"line":4693},9,[3798,4695,4696],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F                   with `EndOfStream`, like a file\n",[3798,4698,4700],{"class":3800,"line":4699},10,[3798,4701,4674],{"class":4550},[3798,4703,4705],{"class":3800,"line":4704},11,[3798,4706,4707],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F That is how a format is tested without touching the disk, how a message is built in memory\n",[3798,4709,4711],{"class":3800,"line":4710},12,[3798,4712,4713],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F before it is sent in one piece, and how bytes that arrived some other way — over a network,\n",[3798,4715,4717],{"class":3800,"line":4716},13,[3798,4718,4719],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F embedded in the program — are read with the code that reads files.\n",[3798,4721,4723],{"class":3800,"line":4722},14,[3798,4724,4674],{"class":4550},[3798,4726,4728],{"class":3800,"line":4727},15,[3798,4729,4730],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F The file this program also writes lives in its package's `Bin\u002F` folder, and is deleted at\n",[3798,4732,4734],{"class":3800,"line":4733},16,[3798,4735,4736],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F the end.\n",[3798,4738,4740,4742,4745,4747,4749,4751,4753,4756],{"class":3800,"line":4739},17,[3798,4741,3805],{"class":3804},[3798,4743,4744],{"class":3808}," Allocator",[3798,4746,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4748,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,4750,4744],{"class":3808},[3798,4752,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4754,4755],{"class":3808}," SystemAllocator ",[3798,4757,3883],{"class":3816},[3798,4759,4761,4763,4766,4768,4770,4773,4775,4778,4780,4783],{"class":3800,"line":4760},18,[3798,4762,3805],{"class":3804},[3798,4764,4765],{"class":3808}," FileSystem",[3798,4767,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4769,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,4771,4772],{"class":3808}," DeleteFile",[3798,4774,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4776,4777],{"class":3808}," File",[3798,4779,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4781,4782],{"class":3808}," OpenOptions ",[3798,4784,3883],{"class":3816},[3798,4786,4788,4790,4792,4794,4796,4798,4800,4802,4804,4806,4808,4810,4812,4814,4816,4818,4820,4822,4824,4826],{"class":3800,"line":4787},19,[3798,4789,3805],{"class":3804},[3798,4791,3809],{"class":3808},[3798,4793,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4795,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,4797,3820],{"class":3808},[3798,4799,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4801,3826],{"class":3808},[3798,4803,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4805,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,4807,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4809,3836],{"class":3808},[3798,4811,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4813,3841],{"class":3808},[3798,4815,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4817,3846],{"class":3808},[3798,4819,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4821,3851],{"class":3808},[3798,4823,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4825,3856],{"class":3808},[3798,4827,3859],{"class":3816},[3798,4829,4831,4833,4835,4837,4839,4841,4843,4845],{"class":3800,"line":4830},20,[3798,4832,3865],{"class":3808},[3798,4834,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4836,3870],{"class":3808},[3798,4838,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4840,3875],{"class":3808},[3798,4842,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4844,3880],{"class":3808},[3798,4846,3883],{"class":3816},[3798,4848,4850,4852,4855,4857,4859,4862,4864,4867],{"class":3800,"line":4849},21,[3798,4851,3805],{"class":3804},[3798,4853,4854],{"class":3808}," Path",[3798,4856,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4858,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,4860,4861],{"class":3808}," OsString",[3798,4863,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4865,4866],{"class":3808}," Path ",[3798,4868,3883],{"class":3816},[3798,4870,4872,4874,4877,4879,4881],{"class":3800,"line":4871},22,[3798,4873,3805],{"class":3804},[3798,4875,4876],{"class":3808}," Text",[3798,4878,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,4880,2343],{"class":3808},[3798,4882,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4884,4886],{"class":3800,"line":4885},23,[3798,4887,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},true,"\n",[3798,4891,4893],{"class":3800,"line":4892},24,[3798,4894,4895],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F A sensor's reading, in tenths of a degree: 215 is 21.5 °C.\n",[3798,4897,4899,4902,4905],{"class":3800,"line":4898},25,[3798,4900,4901],{"class":3804},"struct",[3798,4903,4904],{"class":3935}," Reading",[3798,4906,4907],{"class":3816}," {\n",[3798,4909,4911,4914,4917,4919],{"class":3800,"line":4910},26,[3798,4912,4913],{"class":3808},"    sensor",[3798,4915,4916],{"class":3816},":",[3798,4918,3982],{"class":3935},[3798,4920,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4922,4924,4927,4929,4932],{"class":3800,"line":4923},27,[3798,4925,4926],{"class":3808},"    tenths",[3798,4928,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,4930,4931],{"class":3935}," int16",[3798,4933,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,4935,4937],{"class":3800,"line":4936},28,[3798,4938,4086],{"class":3816},[3798,4940,4942],{"class":3800,"line":4941},29,[3798,4943,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,4945,4947],{"class":3800,"line":4946},30,[3798,4948,4949],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F The format: a count, then each reading's sensor and temperature, two bytes each, little endian.\n",[3798,4951,4953],{"class":3800,"line":4952},31,[3798,4954,4955],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F It takes any `Writer`, so it neither knows nor cares where the bytes go.\n",[3798,4957,4959,4961,4963,4965,4967,4969,4971,4973,4975,4977,4979,4981,4983,4985],{"class":3800,"line":4958},32,[3798,4960,3909],{"class":3804},[3798,4962,3913],{"class":3912},[3798,4964,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4966,3920],{"class":3919},[3798,4968,3923],{"class":3808},[3798,4970,2683],{"class":3919},[3798,4972,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4974,3930],{"class":3919},[3798,4976,3736],{"class":3816},[3798,4978,3936],{"class":3935},[3798,4980,3939],{"class":3808},[3798,4982,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,4984,3945],{"class":3808},[3798,4986,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,4988,4990,4992,4994,4996,4998,5000,5002,5004,5006,5008,5010,5012,5014,5016,5018,5020],{"class":3800,"line":4989},33,[3798,4991,3953],{"class":3808},[3798,4993,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,4995,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,4997,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,4999,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5001,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5003,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5005,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5007,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,5009,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5011,3976],{"class":3808},[3798,5013,3979],{"class":3812},[3798,5015,3982],{"class":3935},[3798,5017,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5019,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5021,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5023,5025,5027,5029,5031,5033],{"class":3800,"line":5024},34,[3798,5026,3996],{"class":3804},[3798,5028,3999],{"class":3808},[3798,5030,4002],{"class":3804},[3798,5032,4005],{"class":3808},[3798,5034,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,5036,5038,5040,5042,5044,5046,5048,5050,5052,5054,5056,5058,5060,5062,5064],{"class":3800,"line":5037},35,[3798,5039,4013],{"class":3808},[3798,5041,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5043,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,5045,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5047,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5049,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5051,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5053,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5055,4030],{"class":3808},[3798,5057,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5059,4035],{"class":3808},[3798,5061,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5063,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5065,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5067,5069,5071,5073,5075,5077,5079,5081,5083,5085,5087,5089,5091,5093,5095],{"class":3800,"line":5068},36,[3798,5070,4047],{"class":3808},[3798,5072,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5074,3920],{"class":3808},[3798,5076,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5078,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5080,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5082,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5084,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5086,4030],{"class":3808},[3798,5088,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5090,4068],{"class":3808},[3798,5092,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5094,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5096,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5098,5100],{"class":3800,"line":5099},37,[3798,5101,4080],{"class":3816},[3798,5103,5105],{"class":3800,"line":5104},38,[3798,5106,4086],{"class":3816},[3798,5108,5110],{"class":3800,"line":5109},39,[3798,5111,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5113,5115],{"class":3800,"line":5114},40,[3798,5116,5117],{"class":4550},"\u002F\u002F The other half of the format, from any `Reader`. A stream that ends part-way fails it.\n",[3798,5119,5121,5123,5126,5128,5131,5134,5136,5138],{"class":3800,"line":5120},41,[3798,5122,3909],{"class":3804},[3798,5124,5125],{"class":3912}," ReadReadings",[3798,5127,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5129,5130],{"class":3919},"input",[3798,5132,5133],{"class":3808},": &var Reader",[3798,5135,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5137,3945],{"class":3808},[3798,5139,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,5141,5143,5146,5149,5151,5153,5155,5157,5159,5161,5163,5165,5167,5169],{"class":3800,"line":5142},42,[3798,5144,5145],{"class":3804},"    let",[3798,5147,5148],{"class":3808}," count ",[3798,5150,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5152,3856],{"class":3808},[3798,5154,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5156,5130],{"class":3808},[3798,5158,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5160,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5162,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5164,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5166,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5168,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5170,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5172,5174,5176,5179,5181,5184,5186,5189],{"class":3800,"line":5173},43,[3798,5175,3996],{"class":3804},[3798,5177,5178],{"class":3808}," _ ",[3798,5180,4002],{"class":3804},[3798,5182,5183],{"class":4475}," 0",[3798,5185,4213],{"class":3812},[3798,5187,5188],{"class":3808},"count ",[3798,5190,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,5192,5194,5197,5200,5202,5204,5206,5208,5210,5212,5214,5216,5218,5220],{"class":3800,"line":5193},44,[3798,5195,5196],{"class":3804},"        let",[3798,5198,5199],{"class":3808}," sensor ",[3798,5201,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5203,3856],{"class":3808},[3798,5205,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5207,5130],{"class":3808},[3798,5209,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5211,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5213,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5215,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5217,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5219,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5221,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5223,5225,5227,5230,5232,5234,5236,5238,5240,5242,5244,5246,5248,5250],{"class":3800,"line":5224},45,[3798,5226,5196],{"class":3804},[3798,5228,5229],{"class":3808}," tenths ",[3798,5231,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5233,3851],{"class":3808},[3798,5235,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5237,5130],{"class":3808},[3798,5239,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5241,3831],{"class":3808},[3798,5243,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5245,3966],{"class":3808},[3798,5247,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5249,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5251,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5253,5255,5258,5260,5263,5265,5268,5270,5272,5274,5277,5280,5283,5285,5288],{"class":3800,"line":5254},46,[3798,5256,5257],{"class":3808},"        PrintLine",[3798,5259,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5261,5262],{"class":4538},"\"  sensor {}  {:.1} C\"",[3798,5264,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5266,5267],{"class":3808}," sensor",[3798,5269,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5271,5229],{"class":3808},[3798,5273,3979],{"class":3812},[3798,5275,5276],{"class":3935}," float64",[3798,5278,5279],{"class":3812}," \u002F",[3798,5281,5282],{"class":4475}," 10",[3798,5284,3973],{"class":3816},[3798,5286,5287],{"class":4475},"0",[3798,5289,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,5291,5293],{"class":3800,"line":5292},47,[3798,5294,4080],{"class":3816},[3798,5296,5298],{"class":3800,"line":5297},48,[3798,5299,4086],{"class":3816},[3798,5301,5303],{"class":3800,"line":5302},49,[3798,5304,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5306,5308,5310,5313,5316,5319],{"class":3800,"line":5307},50,[3798,5309,3909],{"class":3804},[3798,5311,5312],{"class":3912}," Main",[3798,5314,5315],{"class":3816},"()",[3798,5317,5318],{"class":3808}," -> ! IoError | TextError ",[3798,5320,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,5322,5324,5327,5330,5332,5335],{"class":3800,"line":5323},51,[3798,5325,5326],{"class":3804},"    var",[3798,5328,5329],{"class":3808}," system ",[3798,5331,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5333,5334],{"class":3808}," SystemAllocator",[3798,5336,5337],{"class":3816},"();\n",[3798,5339,5341,5343,5346,5348,5351,5353,5356],{"class":3800,"line":5340},52,[3798,5342,5145],{"class":3804},[3798,5344,5345],{"class":3808}," allocator",[3798,5347,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5349,5350],{"class":3808}," Allocator ",[3798,5352,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5354,5355],{"class":3808}," system",[3798,5357,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5359,5361,5363,5365,5367,5369,5371,5374,5377,5380,5383,5386,5388,5390,5392,5395,5397,5400,5402,5405],{"class":3800,"line":5360},53,[3798,5362,5145],{"class":3804},[3798,5364,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,5366,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5368,4904],{"class":3808},[3798,5370,4210],{"class":3816},[3798,5372,5373],{"class":4475},"3",[3798,5375,5376],{"class":3816},"]",[3798,5378,5379],{"class":3812}," =",[3798,5381,5382],{"class":3816}," [",[3798,5384,5385],{"class":3808},"Reading ",[3798,5387,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,5389,5267],{"class":3808},[3798,5391,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5393,5394],{"class":4475}," 1",[3798,5396,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5398,5399],{"class":3808}," tenths",[3798,5401,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5403,5404],{"class":4475}," 215",[3798,5406,5407],{"class":3816}," },\n",[3798,5409,5411,5414,5416,5418,5420,5423,5425,5427,5429,5432],{"class":3800,"line":5410},54,[3798,5412,5413],{"class":3808},"                                Reading ",[3798,5415,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,5417,5267],{"class":3808},[3798,5419,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5421,5422],{"class":4475}," 2",[3798,5424,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5426,5399],{"class":3808},[3798,5428,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5430,5431],{"class":4475}," 198",[3798,5433,5407],{"class":3816},[3798,5435,5437,5439,5441,5443,5445,5448,5450,5452,5454,5457],{"class":3800,"line":5436},55,[3798,5438,5413],{"class":3808},[3798,5440,3817],{"class":3816},[3798,5442,5267],{"class":3808},[3798,5444,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5446,5447],{"class":4475}," 7",[3798,5449,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5451,5399],{"class":3808},[3798,5453,4916],{"class":3816},[3798,5455,5456],{"class":4475}," 230",[3798,5458,5459],{"class":3816}," }];\n",[3798,5461,5463],{"class":3800,"line":5462},56,[3798,5464,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5466,5468],{"class":3800,"line":5467},57,[3798,5469,5470],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F Into memory. The writer grows its block as bytes arrive.\n",[3798,5472,5474,5476,5478,5480,5482,5484,5486,5488,5490],{"class":3800,"line":5473},58,[3798,5475,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5477,4176],{"class":3808},[3798,5479,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5481,3826],{"class":3808},[3798,5483,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5485,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,5487,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5489,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,5491,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,5493,5495,5498,5500,5502,5504,5506,5508,5510,5512,5514],{"class":3800,"line":5494},59,[3798,5496,5497],{"class":3808},"    WriteReadings",[3798,5499,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5501,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,5503,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5505,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,5507,4210],{"class":3816},[3798,5509,4213],{"class":3812},[3798,5511,4216],{"class":3816},[3798,5513,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5515,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5517,5519,5522,5524,5527,5529,5531,5533,5535],{"class":3800,"line":5518},60,[3798,5520,5521],{"class":3808},"    Print",[3798,5523,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5525,5526],{"class":4538},"\"memory: {} bytes:\"",[3798,5528,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5530,4613],{"class":3808},[3798,5532,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5534,4303],{"class":3808},[3798,5536,4396],{"class":3816},[3798,5538,5540,5542,5545,5548,5550,5552,5554,5556],{"class":3800,"line":5539},61,[3798,5541,3996],{"class":3804},[3798,5543,5544],{"class":3935}," byte",[3798,5546,5547],{"class":3804}," in",[3798,5549,4613],{"class":3808},[3798,5551,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5553,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,5555,5315],{"class":3816},[3798,5557,4907],{"class":3816},[3798,5559,5561,5564,5566,5569,5571,5573,5576,5579],{"class":3800,"line":5560},62,[3798,5562,5563],{"class":3808},"        Print",[3798,5565,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5567,5568],{"class":4538},"\" {:02x}\"",[3798,5570,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5572,5544],{"class":3935},[3798,5574,5575],{"class":3812}," as",[3798,5577,5578],{"class":3935}," uint8",[3798,5580,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,5582,5584],{"class":3800,"line":5583},63,[3798,5585,4080],{"class":3816},[3798,5587,5589,5592],{"class":3800,"line":5588},64,[3798,5590,5591],{"class":3808},"    PrintLine",[3798,5593,5337],{"class":3816},[3798,5595,5597],{"class":3800,"line":5596},65,[3798,5598,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5600,5602],{"class":3800,"line":5601},66,[3798,5603,5604],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F Back out of memory, with the code that would read a file. Reading moves the reader's\n",[3798,5606,5608],{"class":3800,"line":5607},67,[3798,5609,5610],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F position along, so it must be `var`; a `let` reader is refused:\n",[3798,5612,5614],{"class":3800,"line":5613},68,[3798,5615,5616],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F\n",[3798,5618,5620],{"class":3800,"line":5619},69,[3798,5621,5622],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F     error: argument 1 to 'ReadReadings' cannot borrow immutable 'reader' as\n",[3798,5624,5626],{"class":3800,"line":5625},70,[3798,5627,5628],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F            '&var rux\u002Fio::Reader'\n",[3798,5630,5632,5634,5636,5638,5640,5642,5644,5646,5648,5650,5652],{"class":3800,"line":5631},71,[3798,5633,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5635,4377],{"class":3808},[3798,5637,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5639,3820],{"class":3808},[3798,5641,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5643,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,5645,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5647,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,5649,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5651,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,5653,4396],{"class":3816},[3798,5655,5657,5660,5662,5664,5666,5668],{"class":3800,"line":5656},72,[3798,5658,5659],{"class":3808},"    ReadReadings",[3798,5661,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5663,4405],{"class":3808},[3798,5665,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5667,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5669,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5671,5673],{"class":3800,"line":5672},73,[3798,5674,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5676,5678],{"class":3800,"line":5677},74,[3798,5679,5680],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F The same two functions, given a file.\n",[3798,5682,5684,5686,5689,5691,5693,5695,5698,5700,5702,5704,5707,5709,5711],{"class":3800,"line":5683},75,[3798,5685,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5687,5688],{"class":3808}," holder ",[3798,5690,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5692,4861],{"class":3808},[3798,5694,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5696,5697],{"class":3808},"FromText",[3798,5699,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5701,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,5703,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5705,5706],{"class":4538}," \"Bin\u002Freadings.bin\"",[3798,5708,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5710,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5712,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5714,5716,5718,5721,5723,5725,5727,5730,5732,5735,5737,5740],{"class":3800,"line":5715},76,[3798,5717,5145],{"class":3804},[3798,5719,5720],{"class":3808}," path ",[3798,5722,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5724,4854],{"class":3808},[3798,5726,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5728,5729],{"class":3808},"FromView",[3798,5731,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5733,5734],{"class":3808},"holder",[3798,5736,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5738,5739],{"class":3808},"View",[3798,5741,4396],{"class":3816},[3798,5743,5745,5747,5750,5752,5754,5756,5759,5761,5763,5765,5768,5770,5773,5775,5778,5781,5783],{"class":3800,"line":5744},77,[3798,5746,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5748,5749],{"class":3808}," writing ",[3798,5751,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5753,4777],{"class":3808},[3798,5755,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5757,5758],{"class":3808},"Open",[3798,5760,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5762,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,5764,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5766,5767],{"class":3808}," path",[3798,5769,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5771,5772],{"class":3808}," OpenOptions",[3798,5774,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5776,5777],{"class":3808},"Writing",[3798,5779,5780],{"class":3816},"())",[3798,5782,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5784,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5786,5788,5790,5792,5795,5797,5799,5801,5803,5805,5807],{"class":3800,"line":5787},78,[3798,5789,5497],{"class":3808},[3798,5791,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5793,5794],{"class":3808},"writing",[3798,5796,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5798,3930],{"class":3808},[3798,5800,4210],{"class":3816},[3798,5802,4213],{"class":3812},[3798,5804,4216],{"class":3816},[3798,5806,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5808,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5810,5812,5815,5817,5820,5822,5824],{"class":3800,"line":5811},79,[3798,5813,5814],{"class":3808},"    writing",[3798,5816,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5818,5819],{"class":3808},"Close",[3798,5821,5315],{"class":3816},[3798,5823,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5825,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5827,5829,5831,5833,5835,5837,5839,5841,5843,5845,5847,5849,5851,5853,5855,5857,5859,5861],{"class":3800,"line":5828},80,[3798,5830,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5832,3999],{"class":3808},[3798,5834,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5836,4777],{"class":3808},[3798,5838,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5840,5758],{"class":3808},[3798,5842,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5844,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,5846,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5848,5767],{"class":3808},[3798,5850,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5852,5772],{"class":3808},[3798,5854,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5856,3936],{"class":3808},[3798,5858,5780],{"class":3816},[3798,5860,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5862,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5864,5866,5868,5870,5873,5875,5877,5879,5882,5884,5886],{"class":3800,"line":5865},81,[3798,5867,5591],{"class":3808},[3798,5869,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5871,5872],{"class":4538},"\"file:   {} bytes\"",[3798,5874,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5876,4030],{"class":3808},[3798,5878,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5880,5881],{"class":3808},"Size",[3798,5883,5315],{"class":3816},[3798,5885,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5887,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,5889,5891,5893,5895,5898,5900,5902],{"class":3800,"line":5890},82,[3798,5892,5659],{"class":3808},[3798,5894,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5896,5897],{"class":3808},"reading",[3798,5899,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5901,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5903,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5905,5907,5910,5912,5914,5916,5918],{"class":3800,"line":5906},83,[3798,5908,5909],{"class":3808},"    reading",[3798,5911,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5913,5819],{"class":3808},[3798,5915,5315],{"class":3816},[3798,5917,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5919,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5921,5923,5926,5928,5930,5932,5934,5936,5938],{"class":3800,"line":5922},84,[3798,5924,5925],{"class":3808},"    DeleteFile",[3798,5927,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5929,4154],{"class":3808},[3798,5931,3823],{"class":3816},[3798,5933,5767],{"class":3808},[3798,5935,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,5937,3987],{"class":3812},[3798,5939,3990],{"class":3816},[3798,5941,5943],{"class":3800,"line":5942},85,[3798,5944,4889],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":4888},[3798,5946,5948],{"class":3800,"line":5947},86,[3798,5949,5950],{"class":4550},"    \u002F\u002F Damaged input, made without damaging a file: only the first 9 bytes of the 14.\n",[3798,5952,5954,5956,5958,5960,5962,5964,5966,5968,5970,5972,5974,5976,5978,5980],{"class":3800,"line":5953},87,[3798,5955,5326],{"class":3804},[3798,5957,4451],{"class":3808},[3798,5959,4179],{"class":3812},[3798,5961,3820],{"class":3808},[3798,5963,3813],{"class":3812},[3798,5965,4186],{"class":3808},[3798,5967,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5969,4203],{"class":3808},[3798,5971,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,5973,4289],{"class":3808},[3798,5975,4470],{"class":3816},[3798,5977,4213],{"class":3812},[3798,5979,4476],{"class":4475},[3798,5981,4479],{"class":3816},[3798,5983,5985,5987,5989,5992],{"class":3800,"line":5984},88,[3798,5986,5591],{"class":3808},[3798,5988,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,5990,5991],{"class":4538},"\"cut:    9 bytes\"",[3798,5993,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,5995,5997,5999,6001,6004,6006,6009],{"class":3800,"line":5996},89,[3798,5998,5659],{"class":3808},[3798,6000,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,6002,6003],{"class":3808},"cut",[3798,6005,3942],{"class":3816},[3798,6007,6008],{"class":3808}," catch ",[3798,6010,3948],{"class":3816},[3798,6012,6014,6017,6019,6022,6024,6027,6029,6032],{"class":3800,"line":6013},90,[3798,6015,6016],{"class":3808},"        error ",[3798,6018,1506],{"class":3804},[3798,6020,6021],{"class":3808}," error",[3798,6023,3973],{"class":3812},[3798,6025,6026],{"class":3808},"IsEnd",[3798,6028,5315],{"class":3816},[3798,6030,6031],{"class":3812}," =>",[3798,6033,4907],{"class":3816},[3798,6035,6037,6040,6042,6045],{"class":3800,"line":6036},91,[3798,6038,6039],{"class":3808},"            PrintLine",[3798,6041,3916],{"class":3816},[3798,6043,6044],{"class":4538},"\"  ended inside a reading: refused\"",[3798,6046,4193],{"class":3816},[3798,6048,6050],{"class":3800,"line":6049},92,[3798,6051,6052],{"class":3816},"        },\n",[3798,6054,6056,6058,6061],{"class":3800,"line":6055},93,[3798,6057,6016],{"class":3808},[3798,6059,6060],{"class":3812},"=>",[3798,6062,6063],{"class":3808}," fail error\n",[3798,6065,6067],{"class":3800,"line":6066},94,[3798,6068,6069],{"class":3816},"    };\n",[3798,6071,6073],{"class":3800,"line":6072},95,[3798,6074,4086],{"class":3816},[3730,6076,6077,6078,6080,6081,6084,6085,3741,6087,3741,6089,3761,6091,6093,6094,3973],{},"Besides ",[3758,6079,2669],{},", its ",[3758,6082,6083],{},"Rux.toml"," lists ",[3758,6086,2205],{},[3758,6088,2739],{},[3758,6090,2794],{},[3758,6092,680],{}," under ",[3758,6095,6096],{},"[Dependencies]",[3885,6098,6100],{"id":6099},"run-it","Run it",[3789,6102,6106],{"className":6103,"code":6104,"language":6105,"meta":3794,"style":3794},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha","cd Examples\u002FFiles\u002FMemoryStream\nrux run\n","sh",[3758,6107,6108,6117],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3798,6109,6110,6114],{"class":3800,"line":3801},[3798,6111,6113],{"class":6112},"s0rF6","cd",[3798,6115,6116],{"class":4538}," Examples\u002FFiles\u002FMemoryStream\n",[3798,6118,6119,6121],{"class":3800,"line":3862},[3798,6120,3793],{"class":3912},[3798,6122,6123],{"class":4538}," run\n",[3789,6125,6130],{"className":6126,"code":6128,"language":6129},[6127],"language-text","memory: 14 bytes: 03 00 01 00 d7 00 02 00 c6 00 07 00 e6 00\n  sensor 1  21.5 C\n  sensor 2  19.8 C\n  sensor 7  23.0 C\nfile:   14 bytes\n  sensor 1  21.5 C\n  sensor 2  19.8 C\n  sensor 7  23.0 C\ncut:    9 bytes\n  sensor 1  21.5 C\n  ended inside a reading: refused\n","text",[3758,6131,6128],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3885,6133,6135],{"id":6134},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[6137,6138,6139,6159],"mistake",{},[3730,6140,6141,6147,6150,6151,6154,6155,6158],{},[3733,6142,6143,6144,3973],{},"A reader declared with ",[3758,6145,6146],{},"let",[6148,6149],"br",{},"\nReading moves the reader's position along, so it is passed as ",[3758,6152,6153],{},"&var",". With ",[3758,6156,6157],{},"let reader = ByteReader::New(memory.Bytes());",", the call fails with:",[3789,6160,6163],{"className":6161,"code":6162,"language":6129,"meta":3794},[6127],"error: argument 1 to 'ReadReadings' cannot borrow immutable 'reader' as '&var rux\u002Fio::Reader'\nhelp: declare 'reader' with 'var' to make it mutable\n",[3758,6164,6162],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[6137,6166,6167],{},[3730,6168,6169,6175,6177,6178,3784,6180,6182,6183,6185,6186,6188],{},[3733,6170,6171,6172,6174],{},"Keeping ",[3758,6173,4158],{}," across a write.",[6148,6176],{},"\nThe view points into the writer's block, which moves when the writer grows. A view taken before a write, a ",[3758,6179,4333],{},[3758,6181,4346],{}," may no longer show the writer's bytes. Take ",[3758,6184,4158],{}," after the last write, and keep the writer alive while a ",[3758,6187,4360],{}," reads them.",[6137,6190,6191,6206,6212],{},[3730,6192,6193,6196,6198,6199,6201,6202,6205],{},[3733,6194,6195],{},"Copying a writer.",[6148,6197],{},"\nA ",[3758,6200,4150],{}," owns its block, so ",[3758,6203,6204],{},"let copy = memory;"," fails with:",[3789,6207,6210],{"className":6208,"code":6209,"language":6129,"meta":3794},[6127],"error: move-only value 'memory' requires an explicit '\u003C-' in initialization\n",[3758,6211,6209],{"__ignoreMap":3794},[3730,6213,6214,6215,6217,6218,3973],{},"Pass it by reference, as ",[3758,6216,4198],{}," takes it, or move it with ",[3758,6219,6220],{},"\u003C-",[6137,6222,6223],{},[3730,6224,6225,6228,6230,6231,6234,6235,6237],{},[3733,6226,6227],{},"Seeking past the end.",[6148,6229],{},"\nA seek can only land within what is held. ",[3758,6232,6233],{},"memory.Seek(SeekFrom::Start, 100)"," on a 13-byte writer fails with ",[3758,6236,4629],{},"; it does not pad the gap with zeros. To extend, seek to the end and write.",[3885,6239,6241],{"id":6240},"try-it-yourself","Try it yourself",[6243,6244,6245,6254,6260,6270],"ol",{},[6246,6247,6248,6249,6251,6252,3973],"li",{},"Write the readings into a ",[3758,6250,4150],{},", then write the same count and readings a second time, and read both copies back with one ",[3758,6253,4360],{},[6246,6255,6256,6257,6259],{},"Give the format a header: write a placeholder count of 0, the readings, then ",[3758,6258,4318],{}," back to the start and write the real count, as in the seeking example.",[6246,6261,6262,6263,6265,6266,6269],{},"Read from a ",[3758,6264,4360],{}," over only the first two bytes, ",[3758,6267,6268],{},"memory.Bytes()[..2]",": a count of 3 with no readings after it. Which call fails, and with what?",[6246,6271,6272,6273,6276,6277,6280],{},"Change ",[3758,6274,6275],{},"Endian::Little"," to ",[3758,6278,6279],{},"Endian::Big"," in both functions and compare the printed bytes.",[3885,6282,6284],{"id":6283},"learn-more","Learn more",[6286,6287,6288,6298,6303,6311,6321,6330],"ul",{},[6246,6289,6290,6292,6293,3741,6295,6297],{},[3738,6291,3740],{"href":991}," — ",[3758,6294,3760],{},[3758,6296,3764],{}," and fixed-width records",[6246,6299,6300,6302],{},[3738,6301,3744],{"href":995}," — another stream that stands in front of a file",[6246,6304,6305,6307,6308,6310],{},[3738,6306,3747],{"href":608}," — taking ",[3758,6309,3894],{}," instead of a concrete type",[6246,6312,6313,6292,6316,3741,6318,6320],{},[3738,6314,6315],{"href":2670},"Io API",[3758,6317,4360],{},[3758,6319,4150],{}," and the stream interfaces",[6246,6322,6323,3741,6325,3761,6327,6329],{},[3738,6324,2675],{"href":2676},[3738,6326,2683],{"href":2684},[3738,6328,2679],{"href":2680}," in the Io API",[6246,6331,6332,6335],{},[3738,6333,6334],{"href":1739},"Interface values"," in the Rux Reference",[6337,6338,6339],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .smXKV, html code.shiki .smXKV{--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-default:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7}html pre.shiki code .sJT_S, html code.shiki .sJT_S{--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-default:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4}html pre.shiki code .sCFbw, html code.shiki .sCFbw{--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-default:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5}html pre.shiki code .sDi1i, html code.shiki .sDi1i{--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-default:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: 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code .sptzg, html code.shiki .sptzg{--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#1E66F5;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sYR1E, html code.shiki .sYR1E{--shiki-light:#E64553;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E64553;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#EBA0AC;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sqZDx, html code.shiki .sqZDx{--shiki-light:#DF8E1D;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#DF8E1D;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#F9E2AF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .snhBn, html code.shiki .snhBn{--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-default:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387}html pre.shiki code .sXpww, html code.shiki .sXpww{--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-default:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1}html pre.shiki code .sY9YT, html code.shiki .sY9YT{--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#7C7F93;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s0rF6, html code.shiki .s0rF6{--shiki-light:#D20F39;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D20F39;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#F38BA8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":3794,"searchDepth":3862,"depth":3862,"links":6341},[6342,6343,6344,6345,6346,6347,6348,6349,6350,6351],{"id":3887,"depth":3862,"text":3888},{"id":4144,"depth":3862,"text":4145},{"id":4354,"depth":3862,"text":4355},{"id":4424,"depth":3862,"text":4425},{"id":4492,"depth":3862,"text":4493},{"id":4632,"depth":3862,"text":4633},{"id":6099,"depth":3862,"text":6100},{"id":6134,"depth":3862,"text":6135},{"id":6240,"depth":3862,"text":6241},{"id":6283,"depth":3862,"text":6284},"Write binary records into memory with a ByteWriter and read them back with a ByteReader, using the same Writer and Reader code that also writes and reads a file, then test a cut-short input without damaging a file.","md",{"number":6355,"source":6356,"requires":6357},"19.11","Files\u002FMemoryStream",[6358,6359,6360],"binary","buffered-io","interface-parameter",{},{"title":1006},{"title":2703,"description":6352},"GNNffrqCgKUzQwzRM80MimtP5s6zzlnzToCJWgGjCCc",[6366,6368],{"title":1002,"path":1003,"stem":1004,"description":6367,"children":-1},"Create a scratch file with an unguessable name that is deleted when you are done with it.",{"title":49,"path":1011,"stem":1012,"description":6369,"children":-1},"Durations, clocks, calendar dates and time zones, repeatable and unguessable random numbers, fast hashes, UUIDs and Nano IDs: eleven lessons on the small standard packages most programs reach for.",1792235732148]